The effects of the endocrine disrupter 4-nonylphenol on the behaviour of juvenile rainbow trout (<i>Oncorhynchus mykiss</i>)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Endocrine-disrupting chemicals pose a serious threat to the health of animals, particularly those in aquatic ecosystems. One such chemical, the alkylphenolic compound 4-nonylphenol (4-NP), is used extensively as a surfactant in industrial and sewage-treatment processes and is thus extremely widespread in the aquatic environment. The impact of pollutants on organisms can be measured using a number of toxicological assays. The use of behavioural studies is one such tool, allowing a noninvasive, proximate assessment of the effects of exposure. In this study, we examined the effects of short-term exposure to 4-NP on the behaviour of juvenile female rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Fish that had been exposed to 4-NP over a 5-day period showed a decreased shoaling tendency, were more likely to be attacked by other fish, and were less successful when competing for food resources than control fish. Focal fish that had been exposed to 4-NP showed no decrease in swimming speed or response to a simulated predator strike compared with control fish. We discuss possible reasons for these changes in social behaviour.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".