Risk Factors for Predation Attempts by Peregrine Falcons (Falco peregrinus) on Staging Semipalmated Sandpipers (Calidris pusilla)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Risk factors for predation attempts by Peregrine Falcons (Falco peregrinus) were examined in Semipalmated Sandpipers (Calidris pusilla) during fall staging in the Bay of Fundy, Canada. Odds of attacks may be expected to vary with a host of factors such as time of day, time of year, spacing within groups and weather conditions. During the ebbing tide, 65 surprise attacks by falcons were recorded over 596 observation periods. Two factors emerged as risk factors for predation attempts by Peregrine Falcons on Semipalmated Sandpiper flocks during four consecutive fall staging periods. Falcons initiated attacks more often on denser flocks and later during the migratory stopover. Year, time of day and weather factors did not influence attack rate. These findings may reflect lower anti-predator vigilance in denser groups and the greater numbers of sandpipers available in the later stages of stopover. Fitness consequences of these attacks remain to be established.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".