Allozyme variation in interior Douglas-fir: association with growth and resistance to western spruce budworm herbivory
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We used starch gel electrophoresis to investigate levels of genetic variation between trees of interior Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco var. glauca) that were phenotypically resistant versus susceptible to defoliation by the western spruce budworm (Choristoneura occidentalis Freeman). We also investigated the association between allozyme variation and tree growth traits. Overall, the phenotypically resistant trees had a lower allelic heterozygosity (p = 0.020) compared with susceptible trees. However, this difference between resistant and susceptible trees primarily occurred at the Buena Vista, Colorado, site rather than the Deckers, Colorado, and Jacob Lake, Arizona, sites. Among 25 loci we examined, the resistant trees also had a higher frequency of the most common alleles (p = 0.057) and a higher proportion of homozygous genotypes, especially at loci FEST-1 (p = 0.004), ACO-1 (p = 0.080), and 6PGD-1 (p = 0.084). The higher allelic heterozygosity in susceptible trees was mainly due to their higher proportion of uncommon and (or) rare alleles. Compared with susceptible trees, resistant trees had higher mean radial growth rates (p = 0.047) and less temporal variability in growth rate over 25 years (p = 0.037). Mean radial growth rate and average tree heterozygosity were not related at any site (p = 0.316). Relationships between temporal variability in growth rate and tree heterozygosity were inconsistent among sites. Our results suggest that phenotypic differences in resistance of interior Douglas-fir to western spruce budworm defoliation are partly caused by genetic differences among trees.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".