Frequency of concentrate supplementation for cattle fed barley straw. 2. Ruminal dilution rates, pH and metabolite concentrations
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Five ruminally cannulated crossbred steers (474 ± 30 kg) were fed diets containing 70% barley straw and 30% concentrate in an unbalanced 5 × 5 Latin square design experiment to in vestigate the effects of frequency of feeding concentrate (daily, alternate days or every third day) with different dietary protein concentrations (7.9 and 11.5%) on ruminal liquid and particulate dilution rates, pH and metabolite concentrations. Dilution rates of cobalt-ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (Co- EDTA) and chromium-mordanted fibre did not differ when low- and high-protein concentrates were fed. Supplemental protein increased (P < 0.05) mean ruminal ammonia concentrations (3.3 vs. 1.6 mM), but had no influence on ruminal concentrations of organic acids. Frequency of concentrate feeding had no influence on dilution rate of digesta markers, pH or on mean ruminal concentrations of ammonia, lactic acid, propionic acid, isobutyric acid, valeric acid and isovaleric acid. Mean concentrations of total volatile fatty acids, acetic acid and butyric acid were, however, reduced (P < 0.05) when steers were fed concentrates on alternate days. The reduced (P < 0.01) ruminal acetic:propionic acid ratios observed in steers fed concentrates on alternate days were consistent with reduced heat productions. Positive relationships (P < 0.05) were obtained between heat production of steers and ruminal concentrations of isobutyric and valeric acids. It was concluded that the low-protein diet did not provide sufficient protein to meet microbial requirements and that under controlled feeding conditions cattle can be fed concentrate on alternate days or every third day without the occurrence of lactic acidosis. Additional research is warranted to examine the relationships between reduced heat production of steers fed concentrates on alternate days and ruminal concentration and production of organic acids. Key words: Cattle, straw, protein, feeding frequency, rumen metabolites, lactic acid
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".