SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORT POLICY IN EUROPE: THE ROLE OF LIGHT RAIL AND ITS RIVALS
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The paper reports on a British research project focusing on the role of modern light rail in urban development, and its relative advantages and disavantages compared to rival forms of modern public transport investment.Most European Member States and the Commission itself has stressed the need for further progress in developing sustainable transport policies especially for major urban areas.However, financial constraints in most countries have led to the full metro railway form of mass transit being rejected as too expensive a form of infrastructure.Cheaper alternatives normally involve a choice between modern tram (light rail) and various forms of bus priority.Although Britain has a small number of recently constructed urban light rail systems, the current British government seems to favour bus as the cheaper and more flexible mode.Guided forms of bus, or separated busways have been used successfully in cities as varied as Leeds, Essen, Pittsburgh, and Ottawa.In addition to questions of comparative infrastructure and operating cost, the paper discusses whether a `rail factor' gives the light rail form a built-in popularity, which can simultaneously enhance quality of life, labour market access, and the city's image.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.010 | 0.005 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.004 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".