Effect of initial microbial density on inactivation of <i>Escherichia coli</i> by monochloramine
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Numerous water disinfection studies have reported deviations from the Chick-Watson Law, which was used to develop the Ct tables provided by the USEPA’s SWTR. Some of the modifications of the Chick-Watson Law incorporate explicit dependence on initial microbial density. In this study, a series of inactivation experiments were conducted with Escherichia coli cultured under three different growth conditions to investigate cell density effects on inactivation. Cell density dependent inactivation was observed in E. coli cultures grown on nutrient agar slant overnight and grown in chemostat with hydraulic residence time of 110 h. The disinfection efficiency was significantly (P < 0.05) greater at higher initial microbial density. Inactivation of E. coli cultured in nutrient broth for only 3 h was independent of cell density. These results have a major significance for utilities in terms of optimization of the disinfection process and balancing the risks associated with exposure to pathogens and disinfection/disinfectant byproducts.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".