Effects of Explosives on Incubating Lake Trout Eggs in the Canadian Arctic
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Industrial development, including geophysical exploration and mining, has increased use of explosives in and near fish habitat. To protect fish and their incubating eggs, Canadian blasting guidelines contain maximum allowable limits for overpressure and peak particle velocity (PPV). Although many studies have focused on how overpressure causes mortality in fish, no studies have examined the effects of PPVs from explosives on fish eggs. We exposed the eggs of lake trout Salvelinus namaycush to blasts from an open-pit mine at Lac de Gras, Northwest Territories, and measured the effects on egg mortality. Twenty Plexiglas incubators, each containing 50 eggs, were placed in the lake substrate at four sites; blast-monitoring equipment was also positioned at these sites. Three sites were within 220 m of the pit's dike, in a zone where PPVs were predicted to exceed the guidelines. A reference site was located outside of this blast zone 2 km away from the pit. Substrate at one of the blast zone sites was composed of material used in dike construction, whereas other sites were natural spawning shoals. To assess egg mortality during the period of greatest egg sensitivity to physical disturbance, half of the incubators were retrieved after 20 d; the remaining incubators were retrieved at ice-out. After 20 d, mortality at two of the three blast zone sites was lower than reference mortality, whereas mortality at the third site did not differ from the reference level. At ice-out, the single blast zone site with nonnatural substrate had higher mortality (by 10%) than the reference site. Ice-out mortality at the other two blast zone sites was similar to that of the reference site. Given that the largest blast exposure (28.5 mm/s) throughout the incubation period was more than double the current maximum allowable limit but still produced mortality similar to the reference level, we suggest that existing guidelines provide ample protection under these blasting conditions. The margin of this protection, however, remains unknown.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".