Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper provides a synopsis of research on arctic hydrology conducted in the catchment of the McMaster River, a river in the Canadian High Arctic that bears the name of our University. In snow hydrology, we found that terrain strongly affects the redistribution of the snow cover, and the weather stations sometimes register only half or one-third of the snow measured in their nearby areas. Snowmelt is dominated by radiation energy input and by sensible heat flux when the snow cover becomes patchy. Coldness of the snow leads to refreezing of the meltwater to form ice lenses, the most prominent being basal ice formed at the snow-ground boundary. Infiltration of meltwater into frozen ground depends on the soil materials but is limited compared with total melt. Much of the melt-water then runs off on slopes. Surface flow diminishes when thawing of the active layer above the permafrost enlarges the water storage capacity. Between the active layer and the atmosphere, vertical exchanges occur through such processes as evaporation and rainfall infiltration. Stream-flow regime reflects the dual control of snow and permafrost hydrology, yielding high flows during the melt season, followed by summer flows influenced by active layer processes. [Key words: snow cover, snowmelt, permafrost, arctic hydrology.]
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.006 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.013 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".