Swath‐Grazing Potential for Small‐Grain Species with a Delayed Planting Date
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Grazing swathed, small‐grain crops can reduce costs of overwintering beef cows ( Bos taurus ) by 40%. However, the late planting required to target mid‐September harvest may be associated with low yield and carrying capacity. The objective was to compare whole‐plant yield, nutritive value, and potential carrying capacity in relation to beef cow requirements for spring barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.), oat ( Avena sativa L.), and triticale (X Triticosecale Wittmack) when planted on seven weekly intervals (10 May–23 June) over 3 yr at Lacombe, AB; whole‐plant material was harvested at soft dough (barley and triticale) or milk stages (oat). Data were analyzed relative to planting date delay as an independent variable. Barley matured more rapidly than oat and triticale, with the latest planting date harvested on 27 August for barley, 8 September for oat and 25 September for triticale. Nutritive value for barley and triticale was unaffected by planting date, but neutral (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) concentrations increased quadratically with delay in planting for oat. In vitro true digestibility (IVTD) was lower for oat than barley and triticale. Yield declined linearly with planting delay for barley (35–39%), but increased (quadratically) as planting was delayed from late May to early June for oat (8%) and triticale (10%). Consequently, the potential carrying capacity for triticale was 1.6 and 1.8 times greater than barley and oat, respectively when planted for swathing in late August or early September.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".