Core-level electronic structure of solid-phase glycine, glycyl-glycine, diglycyl-glycine, and polyglycine: X-ray photoemission analysis and Hartree–Fock calculations of their zwitterions
Bibliographic record
Abstract
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) has been used to investigate the core-level electronic structures of glycine (G) and its peptides, including glycyl-glycine (GG), diglycyl-glycine (GGG), and polyglycine (poly-G), in their powder forms. Increasing the number of G units in the peptides does not change the locations of the respective C 1s, N 1s, and O 1s features corresponding to different functional groups: -COO(-), -NH(3)(+), >CH(2), and -CONH-. The electronic structures of the zwitterions of these molecules have been calculated as isolated molecules and as molecules in an aqueous environment under the periodic boundary conditions by quantum-mechanical and molecular mechanics methods. In the case of glycine zwitterion, the binding energies of the C 1s, N 1s, and O 1s XPS features are found to be in reasonable accord with the respective orbital energies obtained by Hartree-Fock self-consistent-field calculations, within the context of Koopmans' approximation. However, considerably worse agreement in the binding energies is found for the larger zwitterions (with the specific conformations considered in this work), indicating the need for higher-level calculations. The present work shows that optimizing the zwitterion in an aqueous environment under the periodic boundary conditions by molecular mechanics could be a very cost-effective approach for calculating the electronic structures of large, complex biomolecular systems.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".