Diversity of Kranz anatomy and biochemistry in C<sub>4</sub> eudicots
Bibliographic record
Abstract
C(4) photosynthesis and Kranz anatomy occur in 16 eudicot families, a striking example of convergent evolution. Biochemical subtyping for 13 previously undiagnosed C(4) eudicot species indicated that 10 were NADP-malic enzyme (ME) and three were NAD-ME. A total of 33 C(4) species, encompassing four Kranz anatomical types (atriplicoid, kochioid, salsoloid, and suaedioid), and 21 closely related C(3) species were included in a quantitative anatomical study in which we found that, unlike similar studies in grasses and sedges, anatomical type had no predictive value for the biochemical subtype. In a multivariate canonical discriminant analysis, C(4) species were distinguished from C(3) species by the mesophyll to bundle sheath ratio and exposure of the bundle sheath surface to intercellular space. Discrimination between NADP-ME and NAD-ME was not significant, although in a Mantel test grouping by biochemical subtype was significant, while grouping by family was not. This comprehensive survey of C(4) anatomy and biochemistry unequivocally demonstrated that atriplicoid anatomy and NADP-ME biochemistry predominate in many evolutionary lineages. In addition to a main decarboxylating enzyme, high activity of a second decarboxylating enzyme was often observed. Notably, PEP-carboxykinase activity was significant in a number of species, demonstrating that this enzyme could also serve as a secondary pathway for C(4) metabolism in eudicots.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".