The “Golden Hour” and Acute Brain Ischemia
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The benefit of intravenous thrombolytic therapy in acute brain ischemia is strongly time dependent. METHODS: The Get With the Guidelines-Stroke database was analyzed to characterize ischemic stroke patients arriving at hospital Emergency Departments within 60 minutes of the last known well time from April 1, 2003, to December 30, 2007. RESULTS: During the 4.75-year study period, among 253 148 ischemic stroke patients arriving directly by ambulance or private vehicle at 905 hospital Emergency Departments, 106 924 (42.2%) had documented, exact last known well times. Onset to door time was <or=60 minutes in 30 220 (28.3%), 61 to 180 minutes in 33 858 (31.7%), and >180 minutes in 42 846 (40.1%). Features most strongly distinguishing the patients arriving at <or=60, 61 to 180, and >180 minutes were greater stroke severity (median National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score, 8.0 vs 6.0 vs 4.0, P<0.0001) and more frequent arrival by ambulance (79.0%. vs 72.2% vs 55.0%, P<0.0001). Compared with patients arriving at 61 to 180 minute, "golden hour" patients received intravenous thrombolytic therapy more frequently (27.1% vs 12.9%; odds ratio=2.51; 95% CI, 2.41-2.61; P<0.0001), but door-to-needle time was longer (mean, 90.6 vs 76.7 minutes, P<0.0001). A door-to-needle time of <or=60 minutes was achieved in 18.3% of golden hour patients. CONCLUSIONS: At Get With the Guidelines-Stroke hospital Emergency Departments, more than one quarter of patients with documented onset time and at least one eighth of all ischemic stroke patients arrived within 1 hour of onset, where they received thrombolytic therapy more frequently but more slowly than late arrivers. These findings support public health initiates to increase early presentation and shorten door-to-needle times in patients arriving within the golden hour.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".