HLA-G expression in extravillous trophoblasts is an intrinsic property of cell differentiation: a lesson learned from ectopic pregnancies
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-G is a major histocompatibility gene expressed almost exclusively in extravillous trophoblasts at the fetal-maternal interface. HLA-G may play a role in protecting the fetus from attack by the maternal natural killer cells. The extravillous trophoblasts invade the decidua and maternal spiral arteries. The factors which regulate the cell-specific expression of HLA-G are unknown. In this study we asked if HLA-G is expressed in extravillous trophoblasts that develop outside of their normal cellular environment, as in the case of ectopic pregnancies. Since all ectopic pregnancies implant in the absence of underlying decidua we also used a placenta accreta as an experimental control. We found that HLA-G mRNA and protein were expressed in the extravillous trophoblasts in the 13 ectopic specimens studied. In a case of placenta accreta (which develops without decidua basalis and is therefore adherent to the underlying myometrium), HLA-G mRNA and protein were also expressed. These results suggest that HLA-G expression is induced in a cell autonomous manner rather than determined by appropriate environmental cues.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".