Disease of the airways in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The pathological hallmarks of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are inflammation of the small airways (bronchiolitis) and destruction of lung parenchyma (emphysema). The functional consequence of these abnormalities is airflow limitation. Airway abnormalities and emphysema interact in a complex fashion in the development of airflow limitation in COPD. In an attempt to improve understanding of the role of the airways in COPD, the morphological counterparts of airflow limitation, the cellular inflammatory infiltrate in the airways and the relationship between emphysema type and airway abnormalities are reviewed. Significant correlation between airway remodelling and functional measurements are found in earlier stages of COPD. In advanced COPD, airflow limitation is reflected by airway narrowing, airway deformity and extent of emphysema. The cellular inflammatory infiltrate is mainly composed of neutrophils in early stages of COPD. However, the presence of CD8+ T-cells seems to differentiate smokers with COPD from smokers that would not develop the disease. The inflammatory changes and remodelling found in the airways and their contribution to airflow obstruction might be modulated by the type of emphysema smokers develop, with centrilobular emphysema showing more severe inflammatory changes and narrower airways than panlobular emphysema. In conclusion, the degree of airway involvement in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease can vary greatly for the same degree of airflow obstruction, depending on the type of emphysema smokers develop. If the underlying lung abnormalities in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease vary, as the evidence suggests, the study of cigarette-induced lung disease as a single entity will further delay understanding of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".