Interfacing a Tetraphenylethene Derivative and a Smart Hydrogel for Temperature-Dependent Photoluminescence with Sensitive Thermoresponse
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We report, for the first time, the design and synthesis of thermoresponsive (TR) photoluminescent (PL) hydrogel nanoparticles, with a core consisting of poly[styrene-co-(N-isopropylacrylamide)] (PS-co-PNIPAM) and a PNIPAM-co-PAA shell. PAA represents polyacrylic acid which interacts with our emitting molecule 1,2-bis[4-(2-triethylammonioethoxy)phenyl]-1,2-diphenylethene dibromide (d-TPE). The electrostatic interaction between each water-soluble d-TPE molecule and two AA repeat units activates these d-TPE molecules to exhibit strong PL. Our d-TPE doped PS-co-PNIPAM/PNIPAM-co-PAA particles in water display remarkable TR PL: the emission intensity decreased in the course of heating from 2 to 80 °C and recovered during cooling from 80 to 2 °C. Such linear, reversible, and sensitive TR PL is achieved by the use of both PAA and PNIPAM as the shell polymeric chain and by careful optimization of the d-TPE to AA feed molar ratio. Thus, the emission of the d-TPE molecule is affected sensitively by temperature. In addition to such an exceptionally temperature-dependent PL, the presence of CrO4(2-) resulted in the decrease of the emission intensity, which was also temperature-dependent. The present study provides a unified conceptual methodology to engineer functional water-dispersible hydrogel nanoparticles that are stimuli-responsive with the potential to advance various PL-based applications.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".