FATAL OCCUPATIONAL INJURIES OF AVALANCHE WORKERS IN NORTH AMERICA
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In the United States, since the 1950s the annual number of avalanche workers killed by ava- lanches has averaged 0.6. The ten-year averages over this period have been as low as 0.2 and peaked at 1.4 in the last decade. In the last 5 years, 12 avalanche workers have been killed by avalanches while at work. In Canada from 1982 to 2002, the number of avalanche workers killed by avalanches averaged about 0.6 per year, but there has been only one death since 2003. To promote discussion of avalanche industry controls on worker risk, we compare the rate of fatal avalanche injuries of avalanche workers in North America with other occupational categories tracked by federal government groups. Our estimates would place avalanche work among the occupations with high fatality rates. We hope this will promote discussion of the relative and acceptable risk to avalanche workers.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".