PAH removal from Black Sludge from Aluminium Industry by Flotation using Non-ionic Surfactants
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The valorization of black sludge is an environmental problem of the aluminium industry because of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH), fluoride and alumina contents. A soil washing operated in a cell flotation with non-ionic surfactants (Brij 35, Igepal CA-720, Triton X-100, Tween 80) at different concentrations has been tested in order to remove the PAH (benzo(a)anthracene, benzo(a)pyrene, benzo(b)fluoranthene, benzo(j)fluoranthene, benzo(k)fluoranthene, fluoranthene) detected in black sludge. The Tween 80 at 0.5% gave the best results with PAH removal rates between 35 and 50%. These percentages remain low due to the presence in large quantity of fine solid particles (45%) in the PAH concentrate produced by the flotation process. The substitution of the cell flotation by a column flotation allowed the reduction of this problem. Thus, the PAH removal rates reached 60%. This removal yield has been obtained with the lowest wash water flow-rate (150 ml min(-1)) and pulp total solids (10% p p(-1)) tested.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.012 | 0.003 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; both teacher heads agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".