Bibliographic record
Abstract
The importance of the elapsed time between initial presentation of upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGIB) and the performance of a gastroscopy remains poorly understood, despite being the focus of much research and consistent recommendations across societies.1–4 Furthermore, as in other areas of medicine, the improved efficacy observed in randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of patients presenting with non-variceal UGIB may not translate into similar benefits in a real-life setting. The national audit by Hearnshaw et al (published online) thus provides a plethora of important observational information, including insights into after-hours endoscopy.5 These new data need to be interpreted in light of existing guidelines and their supportive evidence. Although the evidence discussed below pertains to all patients presenting with UGIB, for the most part it does not specifically address patients with a high likelihood of bleeding from complications of portal hypertension (usually ∼10–15% of all patients with UGIB6 7). A multidisciplinary approach with timely involvement of a trained endoscopist and endoscopy assistant is widely recommended1–4; such involvement may entail after-hours availability, since early endoscopy is the cornerstone of treatment for patients with acute non-variceal UGIB. Indeed, the performance of an early gastroscopy allows for safe and prompt discharge of patients classified as low risk, improves patient outcomes for patients classified as high risk and reduces resource utilisation for patients classified as either low or high risk.4 The definition of early endoscopy varies widely among studies, from 2 to 24 h after presentation to the emergency department.3 4 8 9 The improvement in outcomes attributable to performing endoscopic haemostasis in patients with high-risk endoscopic lesions has been shown.10–14 Yet it is important to realise that the benefits attributable to early endoscopy relate to both its diagnostic and therapeutic roles in managing patients with non-variceal UGIB. Several …
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.047 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.069 | 0.005 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".