Investigating the Long-Lasting Residual Effect of a Set Shift on Frontostriatal Activity
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Previous studies have shown the involvement of the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (PFC) and the caudate nucleus when performing a set shift. However, the effect of set shifting on the frontostriatal activity observed during the later trials within a series of same-set classifications has yet to be determined. Here, young healthy adults underwent the functional magnetic resonance imaging while performing a card-sorting task in which the classification rule was provided prior to each trial. We observed a significant activation in the dorsolateral PFC, regardless of whether a set shift occurred or not. By contrast, the ventrolateral PFC and caudate nucleus showed an increased activity in both the shifting trials versus the control and in trials where the same rule was applied for a few trials before a set shift occurred, unlike trials where the same rule was applied for a longer period. Finally, decreased activity in the caudate nucleus correlated with an increasing trial position in trials where no set shift occurred, suggesting that the more a rule is executed, the better it is established. We argue that a new rule needs to be performed multiple times until the brain areas usually associated with the set shifting are no longer significantly required anymore.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".