Role of human TLR4 in respiratory syncytial virus-induced NF-κB activation, viral entry and replication
Bibliographic record
Abstract
TLRs play a key role in innate immune defenses. It was previously reported that purified respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) fusion protein elicits an inflammatory response in hematopoietic cells, which required expression of TLR4 and its co-receptor CD14. However, a biological role of TLR4 in immunity to RSV, as initially proposed, has remained inconclusive and controversial. Here, we directly assess the role of human TLR4 and its co-receptors in NF-κB activation, viral entry and replication using intact virions rather than purified RSV components. We used HEK 293 reporter cells that are highly permissive for RSV and that either express or a lack a functional human TLR4/MD-2/CD14 complex. We demonstrate that RSV-mediated NF-κB activation, viral entry and replication are independent of the expression of a functional human TLR4/MD-2/CD14 complex and that, in turn, human TLR4 activation by LPS remains unaffected in RSV-infected cells. Thus, although isolated viral compounds such as purified RSV F protein may bind TLR4 and/or CD14, a direct interaction between intact RSV particles and the human TLR4 receptor complex does not seem to play a biological role in RSV pathogenesis.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".