<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">QED</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>3</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math>theory of pairing pseudogap in cuprates: From<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mi>d</mml:mi></mml:math>-wave superconductor to antiferromagnet via an algebraic Fermi liquid
Bibliographic record
Abstract
High-${T}_{c}$ cuprates differ from conventional superconductors in three crucial aspects: the superconducting state descends from a strongly correlated Mott-Hubbard insulator (as opposed to a Fermi liquid), the order parameter exhibits d-wave symmetry, and fluctuations play an all important role. We formulate an effective theory of underdoped cuprates within the pseudogap state by taking advantage of these unusual features. In particular, we introduce a concept of ``pairing protectorate'' and we seek to describe various phases within this protectorate by phase disordering a d-wave superconductor. The elementary excitations of the protectorate are the Bogoliubov--de Gennes quasiparticles and topological defects in the phase of the pairing field---vortices and antivortices---which appear as quantum and thermal fluctuations. The effective low-energy theory of these elementary excitations is shown to be, apart from intrinsic anisotropy, equivalent to the quantum electrodynamics in (2+1) spacetime dimensions $({\mathrm{QED}}_{3}).$ A detailed derivation of this ${\mathrm{QED}}_{3}$ theory is given and some of its main physical consequences are inferred for the pseudogap state. As the superconducting order is destroyed by underdoping two possible outcomes emerge: (i) the system can go into a symmetric normal state characterized as an ``algebraic Fermi liquid'' (AFL) before developing antiferromagnetic (AF) order or (ii) a direct transition into the insulating AF state can occur. In both cases the AF order arises spontaneously through an intrinsic ``chiral'' instability of ${\mathrm{QED}}_{3}/\mathrm{AFL}.$ Here we focus on the properties of the AFL and propose that inside the pairing protectorate it assumes the role reminiscent of that played by the Fermi liquid theory in conventional metals. We construct a gauge-invariant electron propagator of the AFL and show that within the $1/N$ expansion it has a non-Fermi-liquid, Luttinger-like form with positive anomalous dimension ${\ensuremath{\eta}}^{\ensuremath{'}}=16/3{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{2}N,$ where N denotes the number of pairs of nodes. We investigate the effects of Dirac anisotropy by perturbative renormalization group analysis and find that the theory flows into an isotropic fixed point. We therefore conclude that, at long length scales, the AFL is stable against anisotropy.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.069 | 0.033 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".