Working memory in youth following sports-related concussion: is it still working? an fMRI study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Objective To compare working memory performance and related brain activity using fMRI in concussed youth and healthy age-matched control subjects. Design Standard T1and T2* weighted echo planar images for blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) were collected on a 3Tesla System with a 32 channel head coil while subjects performed verbal and nonverbal working memory tasks. fMRIstat was used to analyse the data. Setting Participants were purposively recruited between 2007 and 2010 from The Montreal Children's Hospital Trauma Programs. Subjects 15 concussed youth (8 females, 7 males, mean age=14.47±2.29 years) and 15 age-matched control subjects (7 females, 8 males, mean age=14±2.3 years). Intervention None. Outcome Measures Post-Concussion Scale—Revised, accuracy and reaction time (RT) on a verbal and nonverbal working memory task. Results Post-concussion symptoms were higher for concussed versus control participants. The concussed group demonstrated significantly poorer accuracy but equivalent RT on the working memory task. Greater percent BOLD signal change from baseline to task was observed for control versus concussed participants in the left and right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, left premotor cortex, dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, supplementary motor area, left superior parietal lobule, left thalamus and left caudate nucleus. Activity in the left and right dorsolateral prefrontal cortices positively correlated with task accuracy. Conclusions Compared to adults, concussed youth may be unable to engage to the same extent compensatory strategies to maintain cognitive performance following neuronal injury. Greater caution in clinical management is therefore recommended. Acknowledgements Canadian Institute of Health Research (CIHR) and Ontario Neurotrauma Foundation (ONF). Competing interests None.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".