Density dependence and interspecific interactions between arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi mediated plant growth, glomalin production, and sporulation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Functional differences between the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi Glomus intraradices Schenk and Smith and Scutellospora heterogama Nicolson and Gerdemann as they affect Persea americana Mill. growth, glomalin, and fungal sporulation were examined by varying the composition and relative density of the two fungi over a gradient of available phosphorus (P). The plant benefit provided by these mycorrhizal fungi together was not a simple sum of the benefits provided by each fungus in monoculture at its respective density. Glomus intraradices and S. heterogama interacted to reduce plant growth rates and uptake of P, zinc (Zn), and iron (Fe) relative to plants inoculated with G. intraradices alone. Thus, for plant growth and nutrition, no evidence for functional complementarity was detected. Instead, interspecific interactions between mycorrhizal fungi resulted in a negative feedback on plants. Under high available P, fungal functional differences were reduced, whereas the overall difference between mycorrhizal and nonmycorrhizal plants was greatest. Overall, S. heterogama produced more glomalin than did G. intraradices. In a mixture, sporulation of the inferior mutualist, S. heterogama, was lower than that of the superior mutualist, G. intraradices, but interspecific fungal interactions increased the sporulation of both fungi. Despite the negative impact of interspecific interactions on plants, supporting multiple arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi was of greater benefit than being nonmycorrhizal.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".