Inherent transversely isotropic elastic parameters of over-consolidated shale measured by ultrasonic waves and their comparison with static and acoustic<i>in situ</i>log measurements
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In terms of elastic anisotropy, sedimentary shales may be considered to have transverse symmetry. Experimentally determining the five independent elastic constants required for this case remains challenging. This paper proposes the use of ultrasonic waves in determination of the five constants. Arrays of specially constructed transducers with different modes of vibration were mounted on samples trimmed from natural cores to measure ultrasonic P-waves and S-waves along the horizontal, vertical and 45°-inclination axes on the samples. The elastic constants calculated from these wave velocities were compared to those determined from static tests and acoustic in situ logs. The static tests included drained triaxial compression and confined torsion tests. The acoustic logs were conducted in an open hole using monopole compressional and dipole shear transmitters and receivers. It was found that the elastic constants determined by the static tests were much lower than those determined from the ultrasonic tests and acoustic logs. Discrepancies among the elastic constants determined from these three different methods are discussed and explained.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".