CD134 and CXCR4 expression corresponds to feline immunodeficiency virus infection of lymphocytes, macrophages and dendritic cells
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The lymphotropic lentiviruses feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) enter cells by sequential interaction with primary receptors CD134 or CD4, respectively, and subsequently with chemokine receptors. The host-cell range for FIV is broader than that for HIV, but whether this is a function of receptor expression is unknown. Lack of reagents specific to feline molecules has limited detection and analysis of receptors and their interaction with viral components. Here, the expression of CD134 and CXCR4 on feline T and B lymphocytes, dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages was examined and the kinetics of FIV replication were assessed. Quantification of CD134 mRNA by real-time PCR indicated expression in all leukocytes, with significantly more transcripts in CD4(+) lymphocytes than in other leukocytes. Antibodies against human CD134 bound inconsistently to feline leukocytes. CXCR4 was detected with antibody clone 12G5 on the surface of monocyte-derived cells only, but gene transcripts were present in all cells, with the highest copy number in lymphocytes. CXCR4 expression decreased and CD134 expression increased with cell activation in lymphocytes. A subtype B biological isolate of FIV infected DCs, macrophages and lymphocytes, with the highest replication in CD4(+) lymphocytes, whilst cloned FIV P14 infected all cells, but replicated less efficiently. Although viral replication was lower in DCs and macrophages than in lymphocytes, DCs expressed specific receptors and were infected productively with FIV, as indicated by viral ultrastructure and DNA detection. These results may implicate altered function of DCs in the induction of specific immunity against FIV.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".