Examination of direct daytime predation by Coregonus artedi on Bythotrephes longimanus in Harp Lake, Ontario, Canada: no evidence for the refuge hypothesis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Since its introduction to Harp Lake, Ontario, Canada, summer abundance of the cladoceran zooplanktivore Bythotrephes longimanus has fluctuated substantially both among and within years. The principal planktivorous fish in Harp Lake is the cold-water Coregonus artedi (cisco). Previous studies hypothesized that Bythotrephes abundance was affected by the thickness of an ephemeral, dark, daytime refuge from cisco that potentially established at the bottom of the metalimnion. During summer of 2003, we estimated peak daytime refuge thickness by simulating light energy visible to cisco and found it was always negative and did not correlate with Bythotrephes death rates. Direct observations using gill-netting and acoustical methods suggested that cisco had frequent metalimnetic forays. Additionally, including years 2000–2004, the previous correlation between mean Bythotrephes abundance and refuge thickness no longer held. The refuge hypothesis appears to fail, as the amount of metalimnetic illumination was always above the level at which cisco reaction distance to prey is maximal. Selection of Bythotrephes by cisco instead appeared to increase once Bythotrephes became abundant, remaining consistent and nontrivial even after Bythotrephes population declined.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".