The River Aire slope failure at the St. Aidans Extension Opencast Coal Site, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The St. Aidans Extension Opencast Coal Site is located in the flood plain of the River Aire 10 km southeast of Leeds, United Kingdom. In March 1988, a massive (600 000 m3) slope failure caused a breach of the riverbanks and flood-protection levee, and so connected the river to the opencast void, resulting in flooding of the site. A lake of about 100 ha and up to 70 m depth was created, and coal winning operations had to be suspended for 10 years. The causes of this slope failure included the effects of previous underground coal mining beneath those seams which were being surface mined, resulting in large tensile strains (up to 10 mm/m) in a heavily faulted zone that lay beneath the river bed and an adjacent navigation canal. The fracturing and opening of existing faults and joints greatly increased the permeability beneath the river, which then acted as a source of continuous recharge as the failed mass moved towards the opencast void. Subsequent remedial and recovery works (costing £20 million) have included the rerouting of the River Aire together with the canal, and pumping the flood water from the void and restarting opencast mining operations (tender sum £36 million) with a new box cut. This paper details the ground conditions and the history of events and discusses the probable mode of failure.Key words: opencast mining, slope failure, flooding, mining subsidence, ground strains, faulting.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.022 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".