MAP Kinase Kinase 6–p38 MAP Kinase Signaling Cascade Regulates Cyclooxygenase-2 Expression in Cardiac Myocytes In Vitro and In Vivo
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) catalyzes the rate-limiting step in delayed prostaglandin biosynthesis. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the role of the MAP kinase kinase 6 (MKK6)-p38 MAPK signaling cascade in the regulation of myocardial COX-2 gene expression, in vitro and in vivo. RT-PCR analysis identified p38alpha and p38beta2 MAPK mRNA in rat cardiac myocytes. Interleukin-1beta induced the phosphorylation of p38alpha and p38beta2 MAPK in cardiomyocytes and stimulated RNA polymerase II binding to the COX-2 promoter, COX-2 transcription, COX-2 protein synthesis, and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) release. Infecting cardiomyocytes with adenoviruses that encode mutant, phosphorylation-resistant MKK6 or p38beta2 MAPK inhibited interleukin-1beta-induced p38 MAPK activation, COX-2 gene expression, and PGE2 release. Treatment with the p38alpha and p38beta2 MAPK inhibitor, SB202190, attenuated interleukin-1beta-induced COX-2 transcription and accelerated the degradation of COX-2 mRNA. Cells infected with adenoviruses encoding wild-type or constitutively activated MKK6 or p38beta2 MAPK, in the absence of interleukin-1beta, exhibited increased cellular p38 MAPK activity, COX-2 mRNA expression, and COX-2 protein synthesis, which was blocked by SB202190. In addition, elevated levels of COX-2 protein were identified in the hearts of transgenic mice with cardiac-restricted expression of wild-type or constitutively activated MKK6, in comparison with nontransgenic littermates. These results provide direct evidence that MKK6 mediated p38 MAPK activation is necessary for interleukin-1beta-induced cardiac myocyte COX-2 gene expression and PGE2 biosynthesis in vitro and is sufficient for COX-2 gene expression by cardiac myocytes in vitro and in vivo.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".