Multiple dilator pathways in skeletal muscle contraction-induced arteriolar dilations
Bibliographic record
Abstract
To determine whether nitric oxide (NO), adenosine (Ado) receptors, or ATP-sensitive potassium (K(ATP)) channels play a role in arteriolar dilations induced by muscle contraction, we used a cremaster preparation in anesthetized hamsters in which we stimulated four to five muscle fibers lying perpendicular to a transverse arteriole (maximal diameter approximately 35-65 microm). The diameter of the arteriole at the site of overlap of the stimulated muscle fibers (the local site) and at a remote site approximately 1,000 microm upstream (the upstream site) was measured before, during, and after muscle contraction. Two minutes of 4-Hz muscle stimulation (5-15 V, 0.4 ms) produced local and upstream dilations of 19 +/- 1 and 10 +/- 1 microm, respectively. N(omega)-nitro-L-arginine (10(-4) M; NO synthase inhibitor), xanthine amine congener (XAC; 10(-6) M; Ado A(1), A(2A), and A(2B) receptor antagonist), or glibenclamide (Glib; 10(-5) M; K(ATP) channel inhibitor) superfused over the preparation attenuated the local dilation (by 29.7 +/- 12.7, 61.8 +/- 9.0, and 51.9 +/- 14.9%, respectively), but only XAC and Glib attenuated the upstream dilation (by 68.9 +/- 6.8 and 89.1 +/- 6.4%, respectively). Furthermore, only Glib, when applied to the upstream site directly, attenuated the upstream dilation (48.1 +/- 9.1%). Neither XAC nor Glib applied directly to the arteriole between the local and the upstream sites had an effect on the magnitude of the upstream dilation. We conclude that NO, Ado receptors, and K(ATP) channels are involved in the local dilation initiated by contracting muscle and that both K(ATP) channels and Ado receptor stimulation, but not NO, play a role in the manifestation of the dilation at the upstream site.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".