Probabilistic model of combined wind and ice loads on overhead power line conductors
Bibliographic record
Abstract
There is evidence that extreme ice loads combined with moderately high winds may cause catastrophic damage to overhead power lines and prolonged periods of electrical power outage. In this paper, a probabilistic model for combined wind and ice loads was developed for establishing realistic and conservative criteria for design and normalization. The proposed model combines icing of extreme thickness with a moderate wind speed, V ice , reduced by a reduction factor, k r , with respect to the extreme wind speed, V max . The evaluation of k r , which is the main purpose of this paper, is done by means of statistical analysis of samples taken from the same initial distribution of hourly wind speeds, V h . The size of samples corresponds to the average annual icing persistency period, T ipp , observed in the climatic conditions of Quebec. This period, which was established in an earlier study by the authors using statistical analysis of data from the Hydro-Québec passive ice meter (PIM) network, is evaluated to be on average 144 h/year. It was found that k r ranges from 0.4 to 0.7, mainly as a function of the coefficient of variation (COV) of the initial distribution of wind speeds and the return period prescribed for extreme climatic loads.Key words: combined wind and ice loads, probabilistic model, overhead transmission lines.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".