Absence of cognitive deficits following deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus for the treatment of Parkinson's disease
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Electrical stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus is an effective treatment for the motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease. While most patients who undergo this procedure do not appear to suffer behavioral side effects, a minority experience cognitive or emotional deficits, and longitudinal studies have reported declines; however, the measures of cognitive function used have been limited. One explanation for the possible disturbance of cognitive functions is that electrical stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus disrupts the normal flow of information within cortico-striatal loops involving prefrontal, associative, or limbic cortex. We wished to assess the effect of high frequency electrical stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus in Parkinson's disease patients while they performed a comprehensive neuropsychological test battery. We selected cognitive tasks known to test the function of different cortical areas, including tests of executive function, cognitive flexibility, attention, memory, language and visual perception. Patients were tested on two separate days, with the stimulators turned on or off. Test scores were also compared to preoperative performance. In our sample of 15 patients without dementia or major depression there was no deterioration on any cognitive test as a result of stimulation. We conclude that electrical stimulation of the motor subthalamic nucleus does not cause appreciable declines in cognitive function in well-selected patients.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".