Adult Density and the Rate of Colorado Potato Beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) Flight Take-Off
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The suggestion in the literature that dispersal of the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), by flight is stimulated by crowding was tested in three flight chamber experiments. In the first experiment the rate of take-off in flight chambers averaged 35.0% (SE ± 5.64) over a 3-h period. The rate of flight take-off was independent of insect density (2–128 beetles per release) or age (7–18 after emergence). For the second experiment the cumulative incidence of flight take-off rates during a 3-h period was similar for all insect densities. The mean percentage of beetles that flew was greatest in the first 30 min, was low during the following 30 min and minimal thereafter. At the highest density tested, i.e., 128 beetles per release, the take-off rate was initially lower; however, it resulted in the same 3-h cumulative rate as for other densities. The data show that interactions between crowded individual adult potato beetles do not promote flight take-off and might occasionally lower it. The third experiment included a 1-h acclimatization to the experimental setup but had no effect on the mean rate of flight take-off or its pattern over the subsequent 3-h period. These results provide evidence that the massive dispersal of adult beetles occasionally observed in potato fields is not the result of crowding as suggested by some, but is probably caused by the poor quality or near absence of the host plants (food source) in the fields with abundant beetles.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".