Secondhand Smoke Exposure Among Canadians: Cotinine and Self-Report Measures From the Canadian Health Measures Survey 2007-2009
Bibliographic record
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure is associated with numerous adverse health effects, including cancer, cardiovascular disease, asthma, respiratory infections, and decreased pulmonary function. This study provides population estimates of SHS exposure among the Canadian nonsmoking population based on self-report and urinary cotinine concentrations. METHODS: The 2007-2009 Canadian Health Measures Survey, a nationally representative cross-sectional survey, collected data from Canadians aged 6-79 years, and it includes self-report and urinary cotinine measures of tobacco smoke exposure (n = 4,455). RESULTS: An estimated 22% of nonsmokers reported being exposed to SHS every day or almost every day. Of those, 70% of children (6-11 years) and 48% of adolescents (12-19 years) had detectable cotinine levels compared with 23% of adults (20-79 years). An estimated 77% of nonsmokers exposed to SHS only in the home had detectable cotinine levels compared with 11% of nonsmokers exposed to SHS only outside the home. Of those exposed to SHS only in the home, a higher percentage of children (5.1%) had detectable cotinine levels compared with adults (3.1%). CONCLUSIONS: Despite well-known health risks associated with exposure to tobacco smoke, a substantial proportion of the Canadian population continues to be exposed to SHS. Higher percentages of certain subpopulations had detectable cotinine concentrations, including children, adolescents, and those exposed to SHS in the home.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.011 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".