Effect of the cestode macroparasite <i>Schistocephalus pungitii</i> on the reproductive success of ninespine stickleback, <i>Pungitius pungitius</i>
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We quantified the relationship between reproductive status in the ninespine stickleback, Pungitius pungitius (L., 1758), and parasitism by plerocercoids of the cestode Schistocephalus pungitii Dubinina, 1959 in Airolo Lake, Alaska, using fish specimens from the 1994, 1998, and 2000 reproductive seasons. Infected females were inhibited from producing clutches of eggs and infected males showed much-reduced testicular condition. These deleterious effects on reproduction appear to involve nutrient theft. In addition, there appears to be a greater physical effect of the parasites crushing the gonads of host fish. The results of this study support the theoretical prediction that S. pungitii is a parasitic castrator, as the fitness of the majority of infected female ninespine stickleback was apparently reduced to zero, and there may be a similar effect among the majority of male ninespine stickleback. The symptoms of infection may represent adaptive parasite manipulations resulting in larger, more fecund parasites or an extended parasite-transmission period, although the possibility that the symptoms represent nonadaptive side effects cannot be excluded.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".