Novel role of extracellular carbon dioxide in lymphocyte proliferation in culture
Bibliographic record
Abstract
CO(2)/HCO(3)(-) buffering system is indispensable to maintain the pH of culture media for long-term cell culture. Now-a-days, the zwiterionic hydrogen buffer HEPES is widely used as an additional buffer in the commonly used culture media. There are reports on the successful use of HEPES-buffered media, under CO(2)/HCO(3)(-) free conditions, for long-term cell cultures. However, still CO(2)/HCO(3)(-) buffering system is widely used. We aimed at investigating the reason for this. We found that lymphocytes proliferate in response to concanavalin A only in HCO(3)(-)-buffered medium in the presence of 5% CO(2), but not in the HEPES-buffered medium in the absence of CO(2). However, lymphocyte proliferation was observed in HEPES-buffered medium in the presence of 5% CO(2) and in the absence of HCO(3)(-). On the other hand, a low level proliferation was observed in HEPES-buffered medium supplemented with HCO(3)(-) in the absence of CO(2). Supplementation of the culture medium with TCA cycle intermediates and the precursors for the salvage pathway of nucleotide synthesis did not support the lymphocyte proliferation at all. Based on these findings and other reports, we suggest that extracellular CO(2) plays a novel role in cell proliferation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".