Climatology and trends in some adverse and fair weather conditions in Canada, 1953–2004
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study characterizes the climatology and trends of some adverse and fair weather occurrence in Canada, on the basis of reliable long‐term records of hourly weather and bright sunshine observations at about 90 Canadian stations for the period 1953–2004. The results show that fair or no‐weather (i.e., no precipitation or visibility obscuration) trends are generally consistent with the sunshine trends, showing significant increases in southern Canada, with decreases in the Canadian Arctic. The increase of no‐weather is most extensive in spring and summer, while the decrease is most extensive in autumn. For the same period, freezing precipitation has become more frequent in the region north of 50°N (especially in spring and autumn) but less frequent in southern British Columbia (BC), central Prairies, and the Great Lakes area in autumn‐winter, as well as in northeastern Canada in winter. Blowing snow occurrence has decreased significantly almost everywhere across Canada, with the most significant decline in southwestern Canada in winter. In every season, fog occurrence has significantly increased in the Prairies‐Yukon‐Northwest Territories and northern BC but decreased in eastern Canada and southern BC. The frequency of low ceiling conditions (<304.8 m, i.e., 1000 feet) has increased in Alberta‐BC interior and the Great Lakes area, with the most significant increases in Alberta‐BC interior in autumn‐winter and in the Great Lakes area in spring; while the other regions have experienced a negative trend, which prevails across the country in summer.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".