Role of brittle fracture in swelling behaviour: evidence from tunnelling case histories / Sprödbruch in wenig festem Fels als Auslöser von Quellvorgängen: Erkenntnisse aus Fallstudien
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The evaluation of several case histories of tunnels in swelling rock with sulfate bearing minerals shows that brittle fracture plays an important role in the development of swelling processes. Brittle failure by spalling has been directly observed in several tunnels, as early as the 19th century and more recently. Numerical analyses applied to different case histories with observed heave and development of strong swelling pressure, considering different construction processes; agree with the observed swelling zones. The effect of construction procedures on swelling in particular the development of pressures and swelling zones becomes evident from these analyses. For a better understanding of swelling processes brittle failure processes have to be considered in the analyses. Die Auswertungen von Beobachtungen aus ausgeführten Tunneln im Sulfat führenden Gebirge zeigen, dass Sprödbruchvorgänge eine entscheidende Rolle spielen im Aufbau von Quelldrücken und Quellhebungen. Einerseits wurden in verschiedenen Tunneln, teilweise im 19. Jahrhundert, Sprödbruchvorgänge direkt beobachtet, wenn Abschalungen auftraten. Andererseits konnte mit numerischen Analysen gezeigt werden, dass je nach Bauvorgang unterschiedlich große, zerbrochene Zonen auftreten, die mit beobachteten Quellzonen und Hebungen an ausgeführten Bauwerken gut übereinstimmen. Die Auswirkung unterschiedlicher Bauvorgänge auf Größe der Quelldrücke und der quellenden Bereiche kann zumindest qualitativ nachgewiesen werden. Bei Tunnelbauten in quellendem Gebirge ist die Ausbildung von Sprödbrüchen zu berücksichtigen.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".