Mine Effluent Effects on the Macroinvertebrates and Habitat in a Small Stream in the Tar Creek Watershed (Ottawa County, Oklahoma
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The Tar Creek watershed is in Tri-State Mining District, an area with extensive metals contamination that has been an Environmental Protection Agency Super Fund since 1983. We surveyed aquatic macroinvertebrates in an unnamed tributary of Tar Creek seasonally between fall 2004 and summer 2007. Quantitative Hester-Dendy samples and qualitative hand collection methods were used at three sites upstream and three sites downstream of a mine effluent discharge emanating from old exploratory boreholes. We found 81 macroinvertebrate taxa - 72 macroinvertebrate taxa upstream and 42 taxa downstream (33 taxa were found in both areas). Upstream sites had greater abundance and taxonomic richness than downstream sites. The damselfly Argia, the hydrophilid beetle Berosus, the pond snail Physa, and chironomids characterized the upstream reach, whereas ceratopogonid (biting midge) larvae and tubificid worms characterized the downstream reach. Upstream sites had higher percent of pooled mayflies, stoneflies, and caddisflies (Insecta: Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera; EPT) and downstream sites had higher percent dipterans (fly larvae). Tolerance values of macroinvertebrates indicated poor water quality upstream - likely a result of city drainage and the stream’s intermittent flow. Downstream, mine effluent produced a permanent stream with faster flow and a deeper, narrower channel with heavy iron precipitation. Water pH averaged 7.1 at upstream sites and 6.3 at downstream sites. Planned treatment of the effluent may support recovery of the macroinvertebrate assemblages although sediment contamination will persist. The greater flow and accompanying habitat alterations will likely maintain taxonomic differences between upstream and downstream assemblages.© 2010 Oklahoma Academy of Science.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.004 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".