Security Analysis and Auditing of IEC61850-Based Automated Substations
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper proposes a scheme for auditing the security of an IEC61850-based network based upon a novel security metric for intelligent electronic devices (IEDs). A detailed security analysis on an IEC61850 automated substation is peformed initially with a focus on the possible goals of the attacker. This is followed by the development of a scheme to audit the security of such a network. Security metrics are considered since they provide a tangible means of quantifying the security of a network. The proposed auditing scheme is tested by using it to audit the security of an IEC61850 network. The results are then compared with two other metric schemes-the mean time to compromise (MTTC) metric and the VEA-bility metric, which are used for auditing conventional computer networks. The input data for both metrics are obtained by using a network security tool to scan the IEDs of the network. The impact of using high-traffic generating network security tools on a time-critical IEC61850 network is also investigated.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".