Reconciling social welfare, agent profits, and consumer payments in electricity pools
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Under a common condition called profit suboptimality, market equilibrium cannot be reached in electricity pools; in other words, no system marginal price exists for which the profit-driven independent generators would self-schedule to levels that exactly meet the demand. On the other hand, although a centrally imposed generation schedule satisfies power balance, it may force some agents to operate at a profit below what they could achieve under self-scheduling. This paper examines these incompatible goals and proposes a conflict resolution scheme based on the notion of generalized uplift functions. These functions are defined such that they: (i) change the offered generation cost characteristics so as to increase the system marginal price, thus forcing the consumers to compensate the generators for part of their combined loss of profit; (ii) execute an equitable transfer of revenues among the generators so that these also participate in any loss of profit compensation; (iii) ensure market equilibrium at the centralized minimum cost solution; and (iv) ensure that the net sum of the uplifts adds up to zero.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.005 | 0.008 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.005 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".