Variation in safety factors of claws within and among six species of Cancer crabs (Decapoda: Brachyura)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
To better understand how safety factors of biological structures evolve, we examined the frequency of claw failure, and the intra- and interspeci®c patterns of variation in maximum biting force and breaking strength in the claws of six species of Cancer (Linnaeus) crabs that live in sympatry along the coast of the northeastern Paci®c: C. antennarius, C. branneri, C. gracilis, C. magister, C. oregonensis and C. productus. Although the breakage frequencies in natural populations were similar among species ( » 6%), they were higher than predicted based on failure probabilities calculated from laboratory measurements of biting force and breaking strength for healthy pristine claws. The incidence of claw damage was correlated with the degree of wear, suggesting that claws later in the intermolt interval were more likely to fail. Within species, safety factors increased from 3.1 to 4.6 with increasing instar number due primarily to a decline in muscle stress (force per unit area of apodeme). Surprisingly, the lower maximum muscle stress generated by later instars appeared to be due to behavioral restraint, since it was not accompanied by relatively lower muscle mass. In addition, among individuals of the same claw size, lower breaking forces were correlated with lower maximum biting force, and both were correlated with lighter cuticle and closer muscle mass, suggesting
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".