Impact of mussel (<i>Mytilus galloprovincialis</i>) raft-culture on benthic macrofauna, in situ oxygen uptake, and nutrient fluxes in Saldanha Bay, South Africa
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Culture of the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis in a South African bay created organic enrichment and anoxia in sediments. Particulate organic matter (POM) was high under rafts versus the references, especially in the first 10 cm (C = 7.5 versus 0.4%, N = 0.7 versus 0.08%). Total reducible sulphides (TRS) increased threefold downcore (from 0.04 to 0.12%). High C:N ratios (1215) indicated accumulation of refractory POM, derived mainly from faeces and decaying mussels and foulers. Although O2 uptake by raft sediments was the lowest, rates could not conclusively be separated from the references. Ammonium dominated N efflux, the highest and most variable rates being under mussels (825 ± 500 µmol NH4·m2·h1). Phosphate efflux (25140 µmol·m2·h1) could not be ascribed to culture biodeposition, but there was an inconclusive trend for the molar N:P ratio to be highest in these sediments. Macrofauna biomass was reduced and trophic groups and taxa altered. Under rafts, macrofauna and organic debris were linked to O2 uptake rates, whereas at the reference sites, macrofauna appeared to be the major O2 consumer. It was concluded that POM and TRS in sediment as well as macrofauna biomass, and potentially molar N:P ratios, were more sensitive indicators of benthic impact from mussel culture than O2 uptake rates or nutrient fluxes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".