Introgressive hybridization between<i>Brahea dulcis</i>and<i>Brahea nitida</i>(Arecaceae) in Mexico: evidence from morphological and PCR–RAPD patterns
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Gene introgression usually results from spontaneous hybridization among closely related species in sympatric populations. This phenomenon has recently become a frequent topic of interest in evolutionary and conservation biology. A palm species complex occurring in Mexico formed by two native species, Brahea dulcis (Kunth) C. Martius and Brahea nitida André, and their putative hybrids, was analyzed with morphological and molecular markers in four hybrid zones and two pure sites for each parental species. Our results showed that the closeness of the hybrids to an allopatric site of either parental species (B. nitida, mesic habitat, and B. dulcis, xeric habitat) is directly related to their morphological and genetic similarity. Also, B. dulcis differed significantly from B. nitida in all the examined characters. Morphological and molecular data were highly coincident and supported the hypothesized hybridization. Hybrid phenotypes were morphologically parent-like for 46.4% of traits, intermediate for 33.2% of traits, and transgressive for 10.0% of traits. Thus, individual hybrids appear to be a mosaic of parent-like, intermediate, and transgressive phenotypes. Our results suggest that B. nitida has been genetically assimilated by B. dulcis in Xochiapala, and in the remaining hybrid zones a unidirectional pattern of gene flow towards B. nitida exists. Therefore, hybridization may threaten the conservation status of species through genetic assimilation and may confound the ability to distinguish among taxa.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".