The Effect of the Gall-Forming Aphid <i>Schlechtendalia chinensis</i> (Hemiptera: Aphididae) on Leaf Wing Ontogenesis in <i>Rhus chinensis</i> (Sapindales: Anacardiaceae)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The aphid Schlechtendalia chinensis (Bell) induces large single-chamber galls, called horned galls, on the leaf wings (an extending part of the rachis) of Rhus chinensis Miller. Horned galls are initiated when the fundatrix of S. chinensis feeds on the adaxial surface of the leaf wings. We compared the histology of intact versus galled leaf wings during various developmental stages by observing their histomorphology during their chronological development. We found that at the initiation phase, the outer epidermis and opening zone of the galls had many glandular trichomes and that pallisade tissue was replaced by parenchyma cells. The number of glandular trichomes on the outer epidermis was reduced as galls matured. The latex ducts and vascular elements became denser in the inner gall layer, and closer to the gall cavity. Stomata were found on outer epidermis in all gall developmental stages excluding the initiation phase. The effect of the gall-forming aphid on leaf wing ontogenesis is discussed.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".