The impact of beaver impoundments on the water chemistry of two Appalachian streams
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We measured the impacts of beaver impoundments on the water chemistry of two headwater streams on the Appalachian Plateau, an unnamed tributary to Herrington Creek (HR), and Mountain Run (MT). We measured acid-neutralizing capacity (ANC), pH, conductivity, discharge, temperature, and the concentrations of major ions, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and trace metals in stream water upstream and 1 m, 10 m, and 100 m downstream of the beaver impoundments and at two locations, 147 m apart, in a tributary to HR that did not contain a beaver impoundment. There were significant differences in water chemistry upstream and downstream of the beaver impoundments at both MT and HR, but these differences were generally confined to the summer. During the summer, both beaver impoundments generated ANC and increased pH by acting as sinks for NO 3 and sources of NH 4 + , iron, and manganese. In addition, the beaver impoundment at MT was a sink for SO 4 2 and the impoundment at HR was a source of DOC. The generation of ANC by beaver impoundments may be important to streams of this region where inputs of strong acids from atmospheric deposition are relatively high.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".