Bibliographic record
Abstract
Concern for the environment has been increasing around the world since the early 1980s. In the year 1987, the Brundtland report heightened awareness of the need for significant legislative and other changes. People in Canada are gradually becoming more aware of the urgent need to protect the environment. Canadians are involved with many projects to protect fragile ecosystems and stop further environmental destruction. Some projects are individual efforts and some are carried out through Non- Governmental Organizations (NGOs) such as World Wildlife Federation and Greenpeace. Other projects are initiated by the Government of Canada. Enforcement of Canadian environmental law can involve three stages: voluntary abatement; mandatory rectification; and, as a last resort, prosecution and penalties. The federal agencies and most provincial ministries have designated abatement and enforcement personnel. Written enforcement policies set out criteria with respect to how and when each of the three enforcement stages is to be applied. Federal enforcement policies include the compliance and enforcement policy for the Canadian Environmental Protection Act, 1999 and the compliance and enforcement policy for the Habitat Protection and Pollution Prevention Provisions of the Fisheries Act. Many, but not all, provincial regulators have similar policies, which can be obtained by searching their websites or requesting a copy in writing. This paper has been prepared to present an overview of environmental laws in Canada. In this manuscript, an effort has been made to: (a) discuss Canadian environmental legislation at various levels such as federal, provincial and municipal levels; and (b) give an insight into the trends in Canadian environmental law, and emergency response and government investigations. Key words: Federal, provincial, municipal environmental law, Canada
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.005 | 0.012 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.019 | 0.005 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.010 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.014 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".