Film‐forming Mechanism and Heat Denaturation Effects on the Physical and Chemical Properties of Pea‐Protein‐Isolate Edible Films
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT Pea‐protein isolate solutions were heat‐denatured and dried to form stand‐alone edible films. Heat treatment at 90 °C over 5 min increased tensile strength and elongation‐at‐break, and decreased the elastic modulus. No significant differences were found in the initial contact angle of water and surface energies of heat‐denatured films from those of nonheated films except for the 20 min heat‐treated film. Additionally, heat denaturation reduced the water absorption rate of the films to 19 to 40% of the nonheated film. FTIR spectroscopy showed that more water existed in the nonheated films as compared to the heat‐denatured films. Electrophoresis studies suggested that intermolecular disulfide bonds were created during heat denaturation, which resulted in increased film integrity.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".