Risk factors for small‐for‐gestational‐age infants by customised birthweight centiles: data from an international prospective cohort study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To identify clinical and ultrasound variables associated with the birth of small-for-gestational-age (SGA) infants by customised centiles, subclassified according to whether their mothers were normotensive or developed hypertensive complications. DESIGN: Prospective, multicentre cohort study. SETTING: Participating centres of the Screening for Pregnancy Endpoints (SCOPE) study in Auckland, New Zealand, Adelaide, Australia, Manchester and London, UK, and Cork, Ireland. POPULATION: The 3513 nulliparous participants of the SCOPE study. METHODS: Women were interviewed at 15 ± 1 weeks, and had ultrasound growth measurements and umbilical and uterine Doppler studies at 20 ± 1 weeks. Variables associated with SGA infants were identified using logistic regression. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Small for gestational age (i.e. a birthweight of less than the tenth customised centile), normotensive-SGA and hypertensive-SGA. Comparison groups for statistical analyses were non-SGA, normotensive non-SGA and hypertensive non-SGA. RESULTS: Among 376 (10.7%) SGA infants, 281 (74.7%) were normotensive-SGA and 95 (25.3%) were hypertensive-SGA. Independent risk factors for normotensive-SGA were low maternal birthweight, low fruit intake pre-pregnancy, cigarette smoking, increasing maternal age, daily vigorous exercise, being a tertiary student, head and abdominal circumference of less than the tenth centile and increasing uterine artery Doppler indices at the 20-week scan. Protective factors were: high green leafy vegetable intake pre-pregnancy, and rhesus-negative blood group. Risk factors for hypertensive-SGA were conception by in vitro fertilisation, previous early pregnancy loss and femur length of less than tenth centile at the 20-week scan. CONCLUSIONS: Risk factors for infants who are SGA by customised centiles have been identified in a cohort of healthy nulliparous women. A number of these factors are modifiable; however, further studies are needed to replicate these findings.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".