Three-dimensional computed tomography in children with compression of the central airways complicating congenital heart disease
Bibliographic record
Abstract
PURPOSE: We investigated the quality and usefulness of spiral computed tomography and three-dimensional reconstruction in children with obstruction of the central airways as a complication of congenital heart disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Spiral computed tomography with three-dimensional reconstruction was performed in 49 children with obstruction of the central airways seen as a complication of congenital heart disease. Spiral scanning was performed during breathing in 40, and after sedation with chloral hydrate in 38. Contrast medium was administered through a pedal venous route in 42. We analyzed the motion artifact, additional information provided by, and clinical usefulness, of the three-dimensional images. We also investigated the factors influencing the quality of the images. RESULTS: Stenoses were seen in the trachea in 21 patients, and in bronchuses in 28. Their causes were an anomaly of the aortic arch in 6, posterior displacement of the aortic arch in 7, posterior displacement of the ascending aorta in 5, compression of the brachiocephalic artery in 5, absent pulmonary valve syndrome in 6, displaced or dilated cardiovascular structure in 17, and pulmonary arterial sling in 2. Motion artifact caused mild or negligible degradation of images in all patients except 6. Breath-holding in non-sedated children produced more severe motion artifact than did cardiovascular pulsation. Three-dimensional images provided additional information over two-dimensional images in 11, and provided clinically useful information in 10. Contrast injection via the pedal route was better for the quality of three-dimensional images than brachiocephalic injection (p = 0.013). CONCLUSIONS: Three-dimensional computed tomography is useful in evaluation of obstruction of the central airways in children with congenital heart disease. Despite the fact that motion artifact is unavoidable, the quality of three-dimensional images is acceptable for making a proper and accurate diagnosis. A pedal route is recommended for injection of contrast medium.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.006 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".