Alterations of Cardiac ERK1/2 Expression and Activity Due to Volume Overload Were Attenuated by the Blockade of RAS
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The activities and protein content of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 in the heart were measured in rats at 4 and 16 weeks after volume overload due to aortocaval shunt. Protein content of phosphorylated ERK1/2 was increased at both 4 and 16 weeks, whereas protein content of total ERK1/2 was increased only at 16 weeks of inducing volume overload. The ERK1/2 activities, estimated as phospho-Elk-1 content, were also increased at 4 and 16 weeks of inducing volume overload. The increased phosphorylated ERK1/2 and E-26-like (Elk)-1 protein content in 16 weeks failing hearts was much greater than that in 4 weeks hypertrophied hearts. These changes in phosphorylated ERK1/2 and Elk-1 protein content in both 4 and 16 weeks volume overloaded animals were attenuated by treatment with enalapril and/or losartan. The results indicate that activation of ERK1/2 may be involved in the development of cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure due to volume overload, and these changes are partially prevented by blockade of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".